Introduction To Organic Functional Groups And Hydrocarbons Biology Essay

Introduction To Organic Functional Groups And Hydrocarbons Biology Essay Hydrocarbons are compounds made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen. The major types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Alkanes are parent compounds of all organic compounds and only composed of single bonds (C-H and C-C bonds). The linear (non cyclic) alkanes have a molecular formula of CnH2n+2. Alkanes that are cyclic (ring structure) are called cycloalkanes. For every ring that is present, there are two less hydrogen atoms than the equivalent (in terms of number carbons) linear alkane. Alkanes are non-polar and are the least reactive and simplest of all hydrocarbons. This is because alkanes do not have a functional group, which is usually the part of a compound that is reactive. There are very types of reactions that alkanes undergo such as reaction with oxygen and mostly all types of highly combustible substances. Alkanes are important as they are used in heating gases, gasoline, fuel oil, motor oil, jet fuel, paraffin, and many other types of f uels.1 Alkenes are hydrocarbons with functional groups of at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The double bonds are the reactive part of an alkene. Double bonds are stiffer than single bonds and do not allow for rotation and thus create cis-trans (geometric) isomers. Alkenes have a molecular formula of CnH2n and relatively non-polar. Alkenes that are cyclic are called cycloalkenes. The formula that takes into account double bonds and number of rings is CnH2n+2-2(number of rings + number of double bonds). Alkanes are much more reactive than alkanes due to unsaturation (containing double bond) and can undergo combustion, halogen addition, hydrogenation, epoxidation, oxidative cleavage, and other non-specific free radical reactions. Alkenes are used for synthesis of polymers, drugs, pesticides, and other valuable chemicals including ethanol, acetic acid, ethylene glycol, and vinyl chloride. The polymers are important in making a variety of products ranging from plastic bags to car bumpers.1 Alkynes are hydrocarbons with functional groups of at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Since the triple bond is linear, there is not geometric isomerism. This is the reason that cyclic alkynes (cycloalkynes) are very rare, and could only be present with eight or more carbons. Alkynes have a molecular formula of CnH2n-2. They are relatively non-polar and virtually insoluble in water. Alkynes have similar reactivity to alkenes and are able to undergo halogenations, hydrogenations, and oxidation. Acetylene is a very important type of alkyne as it is used as fuel for oxyacetylene welding torch and used as industrial feedstock.1 Aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene, a singular carbon ring with three double bonds. These compounds look like cycloalkenes but have differing properties. They are very stable due to large resonance energy. It is hard to hydrogenate these compounds to cyclohexane and can be only under forcing conditions. Oxidation also requires specific conditions. Halogenations are possible, but only with the aid of catalysts. Though, they can undergo reaction with chloroform through a series of Friedel-Craft alkylations in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride. Charles Friedel and James Crafts discovered these reactions in 1877 and include alkylation reactions and acylation reactions.2 Alkyl halides alkylate benzene to form alkylbenzenes in presence of Lewis acid catalysts. The alkylation is a part of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen atom in an aromatic hydrocarbon to make a carbon-carbon double bond. The acylation part is similar to the alkylation except that the reagent is not an alkyl chloride and is instead an acyl chloride.1 In this experiment, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds were put through various different tests to observe the outcome and help identify the class of an unknown substance. The tests include, physical appearance, odour, solubility in water and cyclohexane, test with bromine, test with aqueous potassium permanganate, and aluminum chloride with chloroform test. The different types of classes result in different products and can be distinguished from one another. The results of the tests on the unknown compound can be matched with the recorded observations of each class to help determine the hydrocarbon functional group of the unknown. Experimental: The experimental procedure carried out for this lab followed the steps listed in the lab manual. Refer to Organic Chemistry Lab Manual Fall 2010-Winter 2011 pages 34-39. It was noted that among alkene and alkyne, an alkene compound was used as these two types of hydrocarbons exhibit very similar properties in terms of reactivity. Results: Table 1: Shows the compounds used to represent each class of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds) including an unknown compound and blanks. All the compounds were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties and underwent various types of tests and the observations were recorded in the table below. To determine if a reaction occurred, the results of tests on each class were compared to that of the blanks, with a deviation in result leading to show that a reaction occurred. Class: Alkane Alkene Aromatic Unknown Blank Compound Name: n-Heptane 1-Octene Naphthalene #663 (Solvent Only) Molecular Structure: - - Chemical Formula: C7H16 C8H16 C10H8 Physical Appearance Liquid, transparent Liquid, transparent Solid, white, shiny Liquid, transparent - Odour No odour Smells a bit strong No odour Slight odour - Solubility in Water Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble - Solubility in Cyclohexane Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble - Test with Br2in CH2Cl2 Light orange colour, transparent, no reaction Clear solution (transparent), reaction occurred Dark orange colour, no reaction Dark orange colour, no reaction The solution remained brown/orange (control) Illuminate Br2 solution White colour, translucent, reaction occurred (slow) (Not necessary as a reaction was observed with Br2in CH2Cl2) Light orange colour, no reaction Translucent, clear, very light yellow, slight reaction The solution remained brown/orange (control) Litmus Paper Test pH=acidic (paper turned pink) pH= neutral (no change in paper) pH=acidic (paper turned pink) pH=acidic (paper turned pink) Paper stayed the same colour pH=neutral (control) Test with aqueous KmnO4 (Baeyer Test) The solution remained purple (just darkened), no reaction The solution turned brown, reaction occurred The solution remained purple, no reaction The solution remained purple, no reaction The solution remained purple (control) Test with AlCl3 and Chloroform The solution remained white and cloudy, no reaction The solution remained white, no reaction The solution turned blue, reaction occurred The solution turned yellow, reaction occurred The solution was white, and cloudy (control) Discussion: The substances that were used to represent alkane, alkene, and aromatic compounds were n-heptane, 1-octene, and naphthalene, respectively. There was an unknown sample given which was tested alongside the different classes of hydrocarbons in order to deduce the functional group present based on the chemical and physical properties observed. The first test was the test of physical appearance. The alkane, alkene, and unknown products were all clear, transparent, and in liquid form, while the aromatic compound was white in colour, had a shiny texture, and was in a solid state. Colourless and white compounds are thought to be pure organic compounds and since the unknown was a colourless liquid, it was believed to be an organic compound.3 The next test was that of odour. This task was difficult and is not believe to be a reliable test as the presence of a definite smell fluctuated in opinion between different experimenters. Only alkene seemed to have a very distinct and strong smell to it. It was hard to figure out the approximate type of smell of alkene as the compound was whiffed for a brief time due to precautionary safety measurements. Other compounds did not have a strong scent to them. There were two solubility tests that were performed. Firstly, the compounds were tested for solubility in water. All the organic compounds were in soluble in water as water is a polar compound and the organic compounds are non-polar in nature. When water was added to the compounds, there were two distinct layers that formed every time, indicating insolubility. The compounds were then tested for solubility in cyclohexane (cyclic alkane), a non-polar compound. When a few drops of cyclohexane were added, all the organic samples seemed to dissolve readily and no layers were observed. The results observed were expected as all organic compounds are non-polar and would only be able to dissolve in non-polar substances. Since the unknown sample behaved like the alkane, alkene, and aromatic compound in terms of polarity, it was to be concluded that the compound was indeed an organic compound (non-polar). As a safety measurement, all the tests that followed were performed under the fumehood. Also, the whole experiment was performed wearing safety goggles, lab coat, and gloves as many chemicals are corrosive and toxic. The tests performed next also included a control (blank) in order to check for a reaction occurring by comparing the results of the organic compounds to that of the blanks. When the organic compounds were tested with bromine in the presence of CH2Cl2, only alkene sample reacted at first. It was observed that a reaction took place because the control remained a brownish orange colour, while the alkene sample turned clear. This made sense as alkenes readily undergo halogenation reaction (Refer to Figure 1). The bromine addition is usually a stereospecific anti-addition across the double bond of an alkene (1-octene in this case) that could be seen in Figure 2.1 This gave an indication that the unknown was not an alkene. The samples that did not initially react (even after warming) were subjected to illumination with the use of a sun lamp. It was noted that the alkane solution had a reaction occurring as it turned clear compared to the control which was still brownish orange in colour. This was probably due to the radical formation of bromine, from the energy provided by the light, that reacted with the C-H bonds.1 Refer to Figure 3 for a general reaction m echanism. Along with the control, aromatic and unknown compounds did not show a change in colour and remained brownish orange. This could have been due to the fact that bromination is very selective and doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t readily react with aromatic compounds. When the solutions were subjected to a litmus paper test, only alkene and the control showed no change in colour of the paper, concluding that they were of a neutral pH. Meanwhile, alkane, aromatic and unknown compounds all turned pink, showing that they all had an acidic pH. This indicated that there was a reaction due to the illumination of the Br2 affected solutions. This was due to the formation of HBr (a strong acid) after the free radical bromination of alkanes and halogenations of aromatic compounds.3 Referring to Figure 4, there are three major and one minor product formed from the bromination of alkane (n-heptane) as secondary hydrogens are more reactive than primary ones. While in the aromatic, naphthalene compound, the bromine tends to attach to the tertiary carbon (refer to Figure 5). The halogenation of aromatic compound has substitution occurring between a tertiary hydrogen and bromine in order to retain all the original double bonds of the compound. After this test it was concluded that the unknown was more similar to alkane or aromatic compound and definitely not alkene. Figure 1: A sample mechanism showing the addition of halogens to alkenes. First, there is an electrophilic attack by a halogen molecule that results into the formation of a halonium ion and a halide ion. The halonium ion is a three-membered ring with a positive charge on the halogen. The halide ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks the halonium ion from the back to open it up and attach itself to the carbon. This creates an overall anti-addition of halogens to the double bonds. Figure 2: Reaction of 1-Octene (alkene) with Br2 in the presence of CH2Cl2 results into two products. Figure 3: A general sample reaction mechanism of free radical halogenation. The mechanism is broken down into a series of steps that include initiation and propagation. During initiation, halogen (bromine) radicals are formed. Light provides sufficient energy to split a bromine molecule to form two bromine radicals. Propagation is divided into two steps. During the first step, one of the bromine radical reacts with alkane and abstracts hydrogen to form an alkyl radical and HBr (strong acid). In the second step, the alkyl radical reacts with a new molecule of bromine and abstracts a bromine to form a alkyl halogen and bromine radical. Figure 4: Reaction of n-heptane with Br2 results into four different products due to radical bromination. The first product (top most) shown is a minor product because the bromine takes place of a primary hydrogen. The rest of the products are major products because they all replace a secondary hydrogen. The more substituted the intermediate radical, the more stable the product. Figure 5: Halogenation of Naphthalene with a bromine molecule in dichloromethane. This is a substitution reaction which retains all double bonds of the aromatic compound. The organic compounds were all then tested with aqueous potassium permanganate (Baeyer test). The only sample that reacted was the one with the alkene as the solution turned brown when 95% ethanol and 2% potassium permanganate (in a drop-wise manner) were added. The alkene was oxidized and a diol was formed due to a syn addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond (refer to Figure 7).1 This lead to the formation of MnO2 which in turn lead to the brown colour of the solution.3 The alkane, aromatic, unknown, and control all remained purple as there was no reaction. Further oxidation would lead to an oxidative cleavage of the glycol (two hydroxyl groups) to form ketones and aldehydes, which forms acid. This test further proved that the unknown did not have a functional group of an alkene. This whole test is called the Baeyer test as the potassium permanganate is a Baeyerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s reagent, discovered by Adolf von Baeyer, in order to test for presence o f unsaturation (such as double bonds) in a compound. Refer to Figure 6 for a general reaction mechanism. Figure 6: A general sample mechanism of permanganate hydroxylation of an alkene. The hydroxylation occurs with syn stereochemistry. Further oxidation of the product splits a carbon-carbon bond. Figure 7: Reaction of 1-Octene with 2% potassium permanganate in 95% ethanol. Initially, the reaction results into a diol but further oxidation splits the product and leads to formation of an aldehyde. The final test was of aluminum chloride with chloroform test. The aromatic and the unknown compounds were seen to have undergone a reaction as they had a change in colour (blue and light yellow, respectively) while the alkane, alkene, and control solutions remained white and cloudy. Since most of the tests determined that the unknown was not an alkene, this test proves that the unknown is not alkane, either and hence, it is aromatic. Aromatic compounds are known to go through Friedel-Craft alkylation in the presence of a proper catalyst (refer to Figure 8). As observed during the experiment, these types of reactions often yield in vibrant colours due to the delocalization of charge among the aromatic rings of the compound.3 In this experiment, the addition of chloroform to naphthalene with aluminum chloride as a catalyst caused a reaction (refer to Figure 9). Figure 8: A sample general mechanism of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, an eletrophilic aromatic substitution. During the first step, a carbocation is formed. In the second step, an electrophilic attack from a benzene forms a sigma complex (resonating structure). In the last step, a proton is lost from the sigma complex to reform the aromatic ring to result into a alkylated product of benzene. Figure 9: A reaction of Naphthalene with chloroform in the presence of aluminum chloride in a series of Friedel-Craft Alkylations. Thus, based on the experiment performed and the comparisons made, the unknown sample #663 was found to contain a functional group of an aromatic compound. There were probably some sources of errors while performing the experiment. One of the sources of errors was that the measurements were all taken as an approximate as there were no indicators on the pipettes while transferring liquids and the solid compounds were not weighed. Furthermore, the pipettes that were used to transfer the liquids from the main containers could have been contaminated as they were shared. The impurities were probably the reason for some of the solutions having a very slight change in colour despite not reacting. Questions: R S Figure 104: Shows the structure of (-)-trans-carveol with chiral centers that are circled and labeled as having S or R configuration. Refer to Figure 10. The chiral centers are circled and they are classified as S or R configuration shown by the arrows point to them. Figure 11: Hydrogenation reaction of trans-carveol. The reaction formula translates to C10H16O + 2H2 -> C10H20O. Moles of C10H16O: = mass of C10H16O / molar mass of C10H16O = 27.2g/ 152g/mol = 0.179mol Moles of H2: ratio of C10H16O / H2 = moles of f C10H16O / H2 1 / 2 = 0.179mol / mol H2 H2 = 0.358mol Volume of H2: PV = nRT (1atm)(V) = (0.358mol)(0.08206 L atm K-1 mol-1)(273.15 K) V = 8.02 L Therefore, 8.02103 mL volume of H2 needed for hydrogenate 27.2g of trans à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬carveol at STP. Figure 12: Extensive hydroboration reaction of trans-carveol results into two products. Litmus paper is made up of an indicator called Litmus, which is a water-soluble mixture of 10-15 dyes that are extracted from Lichens and many other types of natural plants such as red cabbage and absorbed onto a filter paper. Litmus paper is used as an acid-base indicator based on pH values. The dyes respond differently to different pH by changing colour. Paper indicates alkaline (basic) solutions by turning blue and indicates acidic solutions by turning red. There are slight variations in colour that relate to different ranges of pH values but blue and red colours are sufficient to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. This test was discovered around 1300 AD by Amaldus de Villa Nova, a Spanish alchemist. A regular use of litmus paper is to test and regulate the pH level in swimming pools and spa.5

Toyota’s Ethics and Quality Assurance

Introduction Ethics and Quality are cornerstones for sustainability and the economic performance of Toyota and other entities within their supply chain. The two play a major role an in Toyotas strategic plan; they are woven in the very fabric of the culture of the organization; and they are integrated in risk management as a part of the contingency plan. This paper seeks to highlight Toyota’s concepts of ethics and quality; their continuous benchmarks for improvement as well as their use of knowledge management throughout their supply chain. Ethics in the Supply Chain As part of my analysis of Toyota’s underlying concept of ethics for supply chain management, the following is five essential values implemented by Toyota: 1. Contribute to the development and welfare of the country by working together, regardless of position, in faithfully fulfilling your duties; 2. Be ahead of the times through endless creativity, inquisitiveness, and pursuit of improvement; 3. Be practical and avoid frivolity; 4. Be kind and generous; strive to create a warm, homelike atmosphere; 5. Be reverent, and show gratitude for things great and small in thought and deed. These values are the guiding principles for their production and supply system. They incorporate three core philosophies: customer first, employee satisfaction and company stability. They have also worked in defining boundaries of the supply chain both internally as well as externally. Quality in the Supply Chain Toyota maintains a commitment by putting customers and quality first, and this means ensuring customer satisfaction through the products and services it offers. With respect to quality, Toyota implements â€Å"jikotei kanketsu†, which is a concept that holds true that defect-free process completion ensures that no defective product leaves any production process. Toyota also strives to preserve and improve quality at the world’s highest level and raise cost competitiveness to support high-quality and sustainable growth. They strive to project years into the future and make intentional earnest steps toward making improvements to each and every process. Total ocus and commitment on these ideas has made possible steady well-documented processes, Toyota’s ability to offer the highest quality products and services at the lowest possible cost, and getting it there in the shortest lead time. Knowledge Management Knowledge can be defined as a synergy framed from experience, values, data, evaluation, and expert insight. Knowledge management is a multi-discipline within an organization that makes the best use of knowledge by making it available, sharing it with everyone, and making sure that it is structured in a highly formalized system in an effort to achieve its stated goals and objectives. Toyotas knowledge management strategy focuses on reducing cost risk, leveraging existing assets to reduce cycle time, improve decision making, develop innovative technology faster, develop solutions to problems quicker, and to increase versatility within the workforce. References Bozarth, C. , & Handfield, R. (2008). Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management (2nd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Grow Purple Chrome Alum Crystals - Simulated Amethyst

Learn how to grow deep purple or lavender cubic crystals of potassium chromium sulfate dodecahydrate. In addition, you can grow clear crystals around the purple crystals, yielding a sparkling crystal with a purple core. The same technique can be applied to other crystal systems. What You Need: potassium chromium sulfate  (chromium alum)alumwaterclear glass jarstringcoffee filter or paper towelpencil, knife, or stick (to suspend string)spoon or stirring rod Time Required: days to months depending on the  desired size. Here's How: The growing solution will consist of a chromium alum solution mixed with an ordinary alum solution. Make a chromium alum solution by mixing 60 g of potassium chromium sulfate in 100 ml water (or 600 g chromium alum per liter of water).In a separate container, prepare a saturated solution of ordinary alum by stirring alum into warm water until it will no longer dissolve.Mix the two solutions in any proportion that you like. The more deeply colored solutions will produce darker crystals, but it will also be harder to monitor crystal growth.Grow a seed crystal using this solution, then tie it to a string and suspend the crystal in the remaining mixture.Loosely cover the container with a coffee filter or paper towel. At room temperature (~25 °C), the crystal can be grown via slow evaporation for as little time as a few days or as long as a few months.To grow a clear crystal over a colored core of this or any other colored alum, simply remove the crystal from the growing solution, allow it to dry, and then re-immerse it in a saturated solution of ordinary alum. Continue growth for as long as desired. Tips: A saturated solution of pure chrome alum will grow darker crystals, but the solution will be too dark to see through. Feel free to increase the concentration of chrome alum, but be aware that the solution becomes deeply colored.Notice that the chrome alum solution is a dark blue-green, but the crystals are purple!

Questionnaire on Market Potential for Icecream - 1452 Words

‘A STUDY ON MARKET POTENTIAL FOR MILMA ICE CREAM AT PALAKKAD’ Submitted to HARISH UC Submitted by SHINE-M PROFILE OF PALAKKAD DAIRY Malabar Regional Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd., Kalleppully, Palakkad – 678 005 A BRIEF NOTE ON MRCMPU LTD., PALAKKAD DAIRY INTRODUCTION MRCMPU LTD., Palakkad Dairy is one of the three dairies under Malabar Regional Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union Limited. This dairy came in to existence in 1967 as Palakkad Co-operative Milk supply union limited under the Madras Co-operative societies Act. In 1978†¦show more content†¦For achieving this objective, the Union lays particular emphasis on carrying out the following activities on a commercial scale. 1. The entire volume of milk produced by the farmers is purchased at remunerative prices even in surplus situations. 2. Proper processing and packing of the products are carried out in the dairies owned by the Union to guarantee product quality the consumer. 3. Proper marketing of milk and dairy products are carried out on a daily basis to guarantee consumer satisfaction and thus maximize economic returns for the farmer. Milma ice-cream, is available in a range of lip smacking flavours: vanila, chocolate, mango, strawberry and fruit amp; nut. In addition, our Ernakulam Union also produces and distributes delicious kulfi and cream rolls. The only ice-cream in Kerala market which is manufactured in a dairy, and hence most fresh ice cream. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Exploratory Research: Exploratory Research provides insights into and comprehension of an issue or situation. It should draw definite conclusion only with extreme caution. Exploratory Research is a type of research conducted because a problem has not been clearly defined. 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Impact of Globalization on Mexican Culture and Identity...

The ethnic- Mexican experience has changed over the years as American has progressed through certain period of times, e.g., the modernity and transformation of the southwest in the late 19th and early 20th century, the labor demands and shifting of U.S. immigration policy in the 20th century, and the Chicano Civil Rights Movement. Through these events Mexican Americans have established and shaped their culture, in order, to negotiate these precarious social and historical circumstances. Throughout the ethnic Mexicans cultural history in the United States, conflict and contradiction has played a key role in shaping their modalities of life. Beginning in the late 20th century and early 21st century ethnic Mexicans have come under distress†¦show more content†¦One effect of globalization has been the freedoms regarding trading and companies’ abilities to acquire labor. In North America we signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), allowing trade and mobility between the countries of Mexico, Canada, and the United States of America. While designed to be a trade bloc between the countries, NAFTA has had many undesired effects especially on Mexico and industrial America. Mexican farmers have been badly hurt by the incorporation of NAFTA. While Americans have farm subsidies, specifically in the crops of corn, America is able to keep competitive prices if nor cheaper prices with that of Mexico. Moreover, this dumping by America has caused many Mexican farmers to stop farming corn and look elsewhere for employment. Thus, with America’s predatory pricing in agriculture, many Mexicans are forced out of business and forced to look elsewhere for work. Of course the most prosperous place to work is America, thus, we have a circle in which NAFTA has added to the amount of undocumented workers coming to America. 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Examining the experiences of Salvadorans students in order to understand the lack of retention is critical and therefore an important way to introduce methodology and develop strategies. This paper aims to examine how themes such as historical, contemporary trauma, and refugee experiences impact Salvadoran American student success in higher education. In this manuscriptRead MoreThe Globalization Of A Multinational Corporation1725 Words   |  7 Pagescompany’s identity. For example Toyota is Japanese even though it operates in the United States. With modern technology and improvement in communications, transportation and infrastructure, corporations are venturing beyond nationa l boundaries in the pursuit of business opportunities. Their size provides them the opportunity to achieve markets and increase their scale in manufacturing and development outside their local market. In other words, multinational companies are going global. Globalization refers

The Scarlet Letter Significance of Hester Prynne Free Essays

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne reveals that although society attempts to confine people, those with inner strength are able to break free of their restrictive labels. Even though the public shunned Hester and forced her into solitude, she still, at the end of her â€Å"term of confinement†, found a way to overcome societys stereotypes. Hester’s inner strength allowed her to rise above the negative connotations of the scarlet letter, and now viewed the symbol as a representation of sacredness, which enabled her to walk securely amid all peril† (112). We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter: Significance of Hester Prynne or any similar topic only for you Order Now She, through her determination and toughness, turned the scarlet letter from a marking of shame into a symbol of charity and ability by also dedicating herself to being kind to her community. Hester’s generosity towards the people that shunned her despite their negative opinions regarding her â€Å"sinful† actions is representative of her ability to defy the stereotype that society has given her. Hester is now known to society as a woman â€Å"who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted† (1 12). She assumed a â€Å"freedom of speculation†, allowing her to view the once burning symbol on her chest as a symbol of which she could be proud. Hester’s mental toughness and boldness was compared to that of â€Å"men of the sword overthrowing nobles and kings† (1 14), as she was fiercely determined to reconstruct the image denoted by the scarlet letter. By overcoming the restrictions society tries to place on her, such as solitary confinement and banishment, she allows herself to emerge an admirable public fgure. Society now ceases to uphold a negative representation of Hester. Furthermore, Hester’s mental strength allowed her to aintain the idea that â€Å"the world’s law was no law for her mind [114]. In other words, she believes that the stereotypes and labels that society puts on people are never permanent, and is a symbol of how an image can be augmented if one possesses the will and mental toughness. Hester could have simply accept the label society has put on her, but instead through this mindset she found the strength to overcome her derogatory reputation that was bestowed upon her and tu rned it into one in which she could be confident. The Scarlet Letter: Significance of Hester Prynne By mnunziante How to cite The Scarlet Letter: Significance of Hester Prynne, Papers

Motherboards and More Report for Shipping- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMotherboards and More Report for Shipping and Billing. Answer: Overview of the revenue cycle Motherboard and More company revenue cycle comprise of the various activities which they perform. These activities are highlighted as the sales order, shipping, billing and the collection of the cash. In the sales order entry it usually comprise of the customer making an order (Romney Steinbart, 2012). The organization check the inventory on the availability of the merchandise the customer has ordered and fill the order (Doyle McVay, 2007). The organization then creates a picking ticket to be able to make authorization on the inventory control and release on the merchandise to the department which is involved in shipping. In the shipping department there is usually the filling of the orders for the clients. Moreover in this department there is picking as well as packing of the merchandises so that they would be shipped. When it comes to the billing this is where the invoicing is done (Feng, Li McVay, 2009). There is creation of the document which are used for the purpose of proces sing of the invoice of sale to notify the client how much they would pay for the merchandise and where they would send on the payment. The next component of the revenue cycle is the collection of the cash (Doyle, Ge McVay, 2007). The finance officer in the organization usually handles the remittance of the customer and they make the deposits to the bank. The remittances usually contains the information of the name as well as the amount of money the customer has sent to the receivable account. The internal weaknesses of the Motherboard and More revenue cycle. The internal weaknesses in revenue cycle Effect of the weaknesses to the company. The specific Internal controls to be implemented in Motherboard and More company. a) There is the issue of the sales order where there is inaccurate order of the clients (Feng, Li McVay, 2009). The organization may incur the carrying costs which will be encountered when the orders are returned (Hylas Ashton, 1982). To resolve on the issue the organization needs to check and edit on their data entry. There should be accurate record of the customer orders. b) There are shipping errors encountered in the organization. Wrong good are sent to the customers. The organization could incur a lot of losses which are associated with the shipping costs especially when the clients returns the products to get the right order they had ordered previously. The organization needs to reconcile of the orders for sales with the picking ticket as well as the slip for packing. The organization needs to restrict physical access to the inventory to prevent unauthorized access to individuals. Overview of Ransomware attack. This was an attack which was designed to spread very quickly among the computers which are on the same network and it encrypt the files through use of a strong encryption, which enables the attackers to demand a ransom from the users to enable them decrypt the files (Doyle, Ge McVay, 2007). This attack was effective against the computers that had the Microsoft window and did not have the security patch (Formby, Durbha Beyah, 2017). The attackers demanded three hundred dollars and this amount was to increase after 2 hours (Bangs, 2014). There were many nations which had been hit by this cyber extortion attack particularly the hospitals, organizations and government. Control to implement at Motherboards and More against Potential Ransomware attack. Motherboards and More organization should ensure they update and patches have been applied. The information technology departments should provide updates and the patches to the devices as well as technology for the company (Lin, Hwang Becker, 2003). The company should test the security scanning system to make sure they are picking on the rogue devices which are connected to the network. The company should check on the Anti-virus protections: The anti-virus software is an important part when it comes to the ransomware defense (Luo Liao, 2007). The organization needs to install all the necessary equipment. Moreover, it should buy the right tool and deploy it (Bangs, 2014). On the preventive control it is important to have an effective passwords to the computers of the organization to ensure that all the system. It is also important to coach the members not to divulge passwords to the potential hackers. Conclusion and recommendations Based on the assessment which I have done some of the recommendation which the organization need to undertake are as follows; one of the major one is the backup of the files. The greatest damage to which the company suffers is when they lose their data from the attackers. There is need to always back up their data through external devices which have not been connected to the internet as the attackers use the internet to carry out their attack. Another important way they can prevent a ransomware attack use patch programs which have been updated from the software of the vendors. This will enable the attack to exploit on the vulnerabilities such was the case of this ransomware attack which target the computers which did not have patches updates for the Microsoft program. Another recommendation which is a control measure would be to use of the anti-virus program. The use of these program are able to stop the ransomware from being downloaded to the systems. In summary, in this report it has presented an overview of the revenue cycle, its components, and the weakness to the internal control. Some of the weaknesses are on the sales order where the organization has inaccurately entered their order wrongly as well as shipping of the wrong merchandise to the customers. The report has provided the control measures for the weaknesses as well as those for preventing ransomware attacks. References Bangs, G. (2014). New Ransomware and Cyber extortion Schemes Hold Businesses Hostage. Risk Management, 61(8), 30. Doyle, J., Ge, W., McVay, S. (2007). Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Journal of accounting and Economics, 44(1), 193-223. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S. (2009). Internal control and management guidance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 48(2), 190-209. Formby, D., Durbha, S., Beyah, R. (2017). Out of control: Ransomware for industrial control systems. Hylas, R. E., Ashton, R. H. (1982). Audit detection of financial statement errors. Accounting Review, 751-765. Lin, J. W., Hwang, M. I., Becker, J. D. (2003). A fuzzy neural network for assessing the risk of fraudulent financial reporting. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(8), 657-665. Luo, X., Liao, Q. (2007). Awareness education as the key to ransomware prevention. Information Systems Security, 16(4), 195-202. Romney, M. B., Steinbart, P. J. (2012). Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson.