How Small Business Drives US Economy

How Small Business Drives US Economy What really drives the U.S. economy? No, it is not war. In fact, it is small business firms with fewer than 500 employees that drives the U.S. economy by providing jobs for over half of the nations private workforce. In 2010, there were 27.9 million small businesses in the United States, compared to 18,500 larger firms with 500 employees or more, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. These and other statistics outlining small business contribution to the economy are contained in the Small Business Profiles for the States and Territories, 2005 Edition from the Office of Advocacy of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). The SBA Office of Advocacy, the small business watchdog of the government, examines the role and status of small business in the economy and independently represents the views of small business to federal government agencies, Congress, and the President of the United States. It is the source for small business statistics presented in user-friendly formats and it funds research into small business issues. Small business drives the American economy, said Dr. Chad Moutray, Chief Economist for the Office of Advocacy in a press release. Main Street provides the jobs and spurs our economic growth. American entrepreneurs are creative and productive, and these numbers prove it. Small Businesses Are Job Creators SBA Office of Advocacy-funded data and research shows that small businesses create more than half of the new private non-farm gross domestic product, and they create 60 to 80 percent of the net new jobs. Census Bureau data shows that in 2010, American small businesses accounted for: 99.7% of U.S. employer firms;64% of net new private-sector jobs;49.2%   of private-sector employment; and42.9% of private-sector payroll Leading the Way Out of the Recession Small businesses accounted for 64% of the net new jobs created between 1993 and 2011 (or 11.8 million of the 18.5 million net new jobs). During the recovery from the great recession, from mid-2009 to 2011, small firms led by the larger ones with 20-499 employees accounted for 67% of the net new jobs created nationwide. Do the Unemployed Become Self-Employed? During periods of high unemployment, like the U.S. suffered during the great recession, starting a small business can be just as hard, if not harder than finding a job. However, in March 2011, about 5.5% or nearly 1 million self-employed people – had been unemployed the previous year. This figure was up from March 2006 and March 2001, when it was 3.6% and 3.1%, respectively, according to the SBA. Small Businesses Are the Real Innovators Innovation – new ideas and product improvements – is generally measured by the number of patents issued to a firm. Among firms considered â€Å"high patenting† firms – those being granted 15 or more patents in a four-year period small businesses produce 16 times more patents per employee than large patenting firms, according to the SBA. In addition, SBA research also shows that increasing the number of employees correlates with increased innovation while increasing sales does not. Do Women, Minorities, and Veterans Own Small Businesses? In 2007, the nation’s 7.8 million women-owned small businesses averaged $130,000 each in receipts. Asian-owned businesses numbered 1.6 million in 2007 and have average receipts of $290,000. African-American-owned businesses numbered 1.9 million in 2007 and have average receipts of $50,000. Hispanic-American-owned businesses numbered 2.3 million in 2007 and have average receipts of $120,000. Native American/Islander-owned businesses numbered 0.3 million in 2007 and have average receipts of $120,000, according to the SBA. In addition, veteran-owned small businesses numbered 3.7 million in 2007, with average receipts of $450,000.

How to Write a College Essay That Shares Your Passion

How to Write a College Essay That Shares Your Passion When coaching my college essay clients on how to write a college essay, I always tell them to talk about their real passion and to tell their real story – not to talk about what they think other people want them to talk about. In that vein, today, I’d like to share three of my favorite things with you. One is a recipe, one is a book, and one is a blender. They are all related. And they have little to do with job search or LinkedIn, but they have everything to do with commitment and passion. You could say this is what I might write about for a supplemental college essay, if I were writing one. One of the things that is most important to me in my life, besides writing and personal growth, is health and wellness. I’ve written articles that include kale references, and I blogged on July 17th about the value of regular exercise for productivity. What I put into my body is extremely important to me, and I’ve recently been excited by a book I stumbled across: Zero Belly Smoothies It was love at first sight, and have spent many a Saturday afternoon trying out the recipes that grace its pages. The book, which is now my smoothie bible, has not left its spot next to my Blendtec blender since I started my craze. Chocolate Decadence You might not know this, but smoothies are one of the best ways to get nutrients into your system – they make a great breakfast and are also the perfect replenishment after a workout. I drink them for both occasions! The best thing is that they can be both healthy and delicious. Did you know that you can put black beans, avocado, and banana in a smoothie and make it taste like a rich dessert, while getting 25g of protein? I didn’t, until a few weeks ago. And my life has been transformed. To share my joy over the above-mentioned potion, I’m giving it to you here. You can find this delectable recipe and more at Zero Belly Smoothie Recipes for Breakfast, Lunch and Dessert. RECIPE: Chocolate Decadence Smoothie 1/2 banana (preferably peeled and frozen) 1/4 ripe avocado, peeled, pitted, and quartered 1/4 cup black beans 1/2 cup unsweetened almond milk 1/4 cup chocolate plant-based protein powder 6 ice cubes Water to blend (optional) 300 calories, 9 g fat, 34 g carb, 11 g fiber, 9 g sugar, 25 g protein I also particularly like Zero Belly’s Velvety Elvis smoothie, which includes banana, spirulina, and almond butter. What a treat – and it looks like the ocean! But I can’t find it on the internet and dare not violate any copyrights. Plus I really think everyone with any interest in smoothie creations must buy the book. Of course, you’ll need a blender to do these recipes justice. Whole food smoothies, sadly, cannot be made by hand. Not a Blender Fan? You might be lamenting, â€Å"My blender smells like rubber anytime I make it work hard.† Or, â€Å"My blender is so hard to clean!† or â€Å"My blender leaves big chunks of food in my drink. ‘Smooth’ is the last word I’d use to describe the sludge my blender produces.† Or you might be saying mournfully, â€Å"I have an awesome blender I paid hundreds of dollars for and it’s sitting there on my kitchen counter, next to my unused juicer. I’ve given up.† If you have a Vitamix or Blendtec blender and it’s wasting away unutilized, it’s time to dust it off and get it cranking! If you have any other type of blender, and you are inspired to get serious about smoothies, it’s worth investing in a good one†¦ either a Vitamix or Blendtec. In my opinion, Blendtecs are the better value. I’ve had mine for years and love it more every day. Another advantage of smoothies is that you can freeze them and have your supply ready for the week; and if you’re on the go, they make a quick 1-minute meal. (I’m not a fan of savory â€Å"lunch† or â€Å"dinner† smoothies, but give those a try if you’re curious.) One of my favorite tricks is how to bring a smoothie onto an airplane (it starts as powder and turns into a nutrition-packed meal)! If you travel for work, bringing â€Å"smoothie packs† along with you is a great way to stay healthy while on the road. Ask me if you want to know more about that. Not Really a College Essay So I didn’t really write a college-essay-worthy essay here, since I would never want any student to give advice in a college application. But have I gotten my excitement across – and provided some insight on how to write a unique college essay? I hope so, and if I’ve transmitted any of that excitement to you, I’d be happy to share more of my favorite recipes privately. They might just change your life too. And if you want more advice on how to write a college essay, check out my article,  How to Write a Great College Application Essay: 2017-18 Common App Prompts, or check out my college admissions services  and work with me one-on-one.

Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management 2 - Essay Example The Chairman outlines the activities and financial conditions of the firm in the previous year followed by his/her discussion on hopes and future plans for the firm. In this part of the annual report, the Chairman attempts to explain why the company’s operations resulted in the results mentioned and why it chooses to advance with new projects or policies. In a nutshell, the statement or report is mainly a promise or explanation for company activities by the Chairman and its Board of Directors to the stockholders. However, the questions are: Why do they need the reports? What do the stockholders do with them? And more importantly, what do they do to deserve an explanation? To answer these questions, one has to firstly understand the concept of stockholder’s equity. When an individual goes to the market and buys stocks, he/she basically buys ownership! A corporation is basically a public-owned enterprise. By declaring itself a corporation, the company or enterprise is selling itself to the public. This is done by the company to essentially generate more money and finances. When it becomes a corporation, the company is actually giving the stockholders a right or privilege to vote for the Board of Directors. The elected Board of Directors is then responsible to make decisions about the company and see where and how the company can maximize the profits. The stockholders then gain from the profits. The stockholders do not directly earn the profit but are given dividends instead. These dividends are paid annually, every year except when the company is going in loss to an extent that it even fails to pay back the liabilities it has borrowed. At such times, the liabilities are preferred and paid first and the remaining is given as dividends to the stockholders. To further understand the relationship between the company and the stockholders, Walt Disney Corporation will be used as a case for analysis and descriptive explanation. But, before

Some HR managers assume that money is the most effective reward Essay

Some HR managers assume that money is the most effective reward strategy for increasing the motivation and productivity of all their employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement - Essay Example The companies must be offering their employees a positive reward experience and include them in the growth process of the company to be in a win-win situation. The reward structures may be monetary or may be intrinsic. The monetary rewards are one of the most important parts of the reward structure. Assigning values to each employee is one of the most significant jobs of the HR department. The company determines an employee’s value primarily by three ways- according to the skills, performance and their relative value in the job market. The companies have to fix the basic pay of labor and assign the suitable person for the profession. The base pay should compensate the individual with the ongoing value and incentives may be offered as rewards for their performance. (Zingheim & Schuster, March, 2000; Optimizing reward spend, n.d.). In addition to the monetary benefits, the employees look for other benefits from the company. The benefits may range from training & development of e mployees to offering good working conditions. These benefits have acquired importance in the modern business parlance with more and more individuals looking for other benefits than just the payment rewards. The reward structure of a company to a large extent depends upon the corporate goals of the companies. (Reward Strategy, n.d.) The paper presents a debate upon the type of reward strategies of the companies to motivate their employees and concludes upon the most effective one. In this modern era, money alone is not the motivating factor and non-monetary benefits are equally important. In fact, it can be said that non-monetary benefits is the most important strategy followed by companies to motivate their employees. Giving rewards to the employees has assumed great importance because companies all over the world have understood that the employees are the reason for their existence. The reward structure of the company is primarily dominated

Introduction To Organic Functional Groups And Hydrocarbons Biology Essay

Introduction To Organic Functional Groups And Hydrocarbons Biology Essay Hydrocarbons are compounds made up entirely of carbon and hydrogen. The major types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Alkanes are parent compounds of all organic compounds and only composed of single bonds (C-H and C-C bonds). The linear (non cyclic) alkanes have a molecular formula of CnH2n+2. Alkanes that are cyclic (ring structure) are called cycloalkanes. For every ring that is present, there are two less hydrogen atoms than the equivalent (in terms of number carbons) linear alkane. Alkanes are non-polar and are the least reactive and simplest of all hydrocarbons. This is because alkanes do not have a functional group, which is usually the part of a compound that is reactive. There are very types of reactions that alkanes undergo such as reaction with oxygen and mostly all types of highly combustible substances. Alkanes are important as they are used in heating gases, gasoline, fuel oil, motor oil, jet fuel, paraffin, and many other types of f uels.1 Alkenes are hydrocarbons with functional groups of at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The double bonds are the reactive part of an alkene. Double bonds are stiffer than single bonds and do not allow for rotation and thus create cis-trans (geometric) isomers. Alkenes have a molecular formula of CnH2n and relatively non-polar. Alkenes that are cyclic are called cycloalkenes. The formula that takes into account double bonds and number of rings is CnH2n+2-2(number of rings + number of double bonds). Alkanes are much more reactive than alkanes due to unsaturation (containing double bond) and can undergo combustion, halogen addition, hydrogenation, epoxidation, oxidative cleavage, and other non-specific free radical reactions. Alkenes are used for synthesis of polymers, drugs, pesticides, and other valuable chemicals including ethanol, acetic acid, ethylene glycol, and vinyl chloride. The polymers are important in making a variety of products ranging from plastic bags to car bumpers.1 Alkynes are hydrocarbons with functional groups of at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Since the triple bond is linear, there is not geometric isomerism. This is the reason that cyclic alkynes (cycloalkynes) are very rare, and could only be present with eight or more carbons. Alkynes have a molecular formula of CnH2n-2. They are relatively non-polar and virtually insoluble in water. Alkynes have similar reactivity to alkenes and are able to undergo halogenations, hydrogenations, and oxidation. Acetylene is a very important type of alkyne as it is used as fuel for oxyacetylene welding torch and used as industrial feedstock.1 Aromatic hydrocarbons are derivatives of benzene, a singular carbon ring with three double bonds. These compounds look like cycloalkenes but have differing properties. They are very stable due to large resonance energy. It is hard to hydrogenate these compounds to cyclohexane and can be only under forcing conditions. Oxidation also requires specific conditions. Halogenations are possible, but only with the aid of catalysts. Though, they can undergo reaction with chloroform through a series of Friedel-Craft alkylations in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride. Charles Friedel and James Crafts discovered these reactions in 1877 and include alkylation reactions and acylation reactions.2 Alkyl halides alkylate benzene to form alkylbenzenes in presence of Lewis acid catalysts. The alkylation is a part of electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where an electrophile substitutes for a hydrogen atom in an aromatic hydrocarbon to make a carbon-carbon double bond. The acylation part is similar to the alkylation except that the reagent is not an alkyl chloride and is instead an acyl chloride.1 In this experiment, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds were put through various different tests to observe the outcome and help identify the class of an unknown substance. The tests include, physical appearance, odour, solubility in water and cyclohexane, test with bromine, test with aqueous potassium permanganate, and aluminum chloride with chloroform test. The different types of classes result in different products and can be distinguished from one another. The results of the tests on the unknown compound can be matched with the recorded observations of each class to help determine the hydrocarbon functional group of the unknown. Experimental: The experimental procedure carried out for this lab followed the steps listed in the lab manual. Refer to Organic Chemistry Lab Manual Fall 2010-Winter 2011 pages 34-39. It was noted that among alkene and alkyne, an alkene compound was used as these two types of hydrocarbons exhibit very similar properties in terms of reactivity. Results: Table 1: Shows the compounds used to represent each class of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic compounds) including an unknown compound and blanks. All the compounds were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties and underwent various types of tests and the observations were recorded in the table below. To determine if a reaction occurred, the results of tests on each class were compared to that of the blanks, with a deviation in result leading to show that a reaction occurred. Class: Alkane Alkene Aromatic Unknown Blank Compound Name: n-Heptane 1-Octene Naphthalene #663 (Solvent Only) Molecular Structure: - - Chemical Formula: C7H16 C8H16 C10H8 Physical Appearance Liquid, transparent Liquid, transparent Solid, white, shiny Liquid, transparent - Odour No odour Smells a bit strong No odour Slight odour - Solubility in Water Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble - Solubility in Cyclohexane Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble - Test with Br2in CH2Cl2 Light orange colour, transparent, no reaction Clear solution (transparent), reaction occurred Dark orange colour, no reaction Dark orange colour, no reaction The solution remained brown/orange (control) Illuminate Br2 solution White colour, translucent, reaction occurred (slow) (Not necessary as a reaction was observed with Br2in CH2Cl2) Light orange colour, no reaction Translucent, clear, very light yellow, slight reaction The solution remained brown/orange (control) Litmus Paper Test pH=acidic (paper turned pink) pH= neutral (no change in paper) pH=acidic (paper turned pink) pH=acidic (paper turned pink) Paper stayed the same colour pH=neutral (control) Test with aqueous KmnO4 (Baeyer Test) The solution remained purple (just darkened), no reaction The solution turned brown, reaction occurred The solution remained purple, no reaction The solution remained purple, no reaction The solution remained purple (control) Test with AlCl3 and Chloroform The solution remained white and cloudy, no reaction The solution remained white, no reaction The solution turned blue, reaction occurred The solution turned yellow, reaction occurred The solution was white, and cloudy (control) Discussion: The substances that were used to represent alkane, alkene, and aromatic compounds were n-heptane, 1-octene, and naphthalene, respectively. There was an unknown sample given which was tested alongside the different classes of hydrocarbons in order to deduce the functional group present based on the chemical and physical properties observed. The first test was the test of physical appearance. The alkane, alkene, and unknown products were all clear, transparent, and in liquid form, while the aromatic compound was white in colour, had a shiny texture, and was in a solid state. Colourless and white compounds are thought to be pure organic compounds and since the unknown was a colourless liquid, it was believed to be an organic compound.3 The next test was that of odour. This task was difficult and is not believe to be a reliable test as the presence of a definite smell fluctuated in opinion between different experimenters. Only alkene seemed to have a very distinct and strong smell to it. It was hard to figure out the approximate type of smell of alkene as the compound was whiffed for a brief time due to precautionary safety measurements. Other compounds did not have a strong scent to them. There were two solubility tests that were performed. Firstly, the compounds were tested for solubility in water. All the organic compounds were in soluble in water as water is a polar compound and the organic compounds are non-polar in nature. When water was added to the compounds, there were two distinct layers that formed every time, indicating insolubility. The compounds were then tested for solubility in cyclohexane (cyclic alkane), a non-polar compound. When a few drops of cyclohexane were added, all the organic samples seemed to dissolve readily and no layers were observed. The results observed were expected as all organic compounds are non-polar and would only be able to dissolve in non-polar substances. Since the unknown sample behaved like the alkane, alkene, and aromatic compound in terms of polarity, it was to be concluded that the compound was indeed an organic compound (non-polar). As a safety measurement, all the tests that followed were performed under the fumehood. Also, the whole experiment was performed wearing safety goggles, lab coat, and gloves as many chemicals are corrosive and toxic. The tests performed next also included a control (blank) in order to check for a reaction occurring by comparing the results of the organic compounds to that of the blanks. When the organic compounds were tested with bromine in the presence of CH2Cl2, only alkene sample reacted at first. It was observed that a reaction took place because the control remained a brownish orange colour, while the alkene sample turned clear. This made sense as alkenes readily undergo halogenation reaction (Refer to Figure 1). The bromine addition is usually a stereospecific anti-addition across the double bond of an alkene (1-octene in this case) that could be seen in Figure 2.1 This gave an indication that the unknown was not an alkene. The samples that did not initially react (even after warming) were subjected to illumination with the use of a sun lamp. It was noted that the alkane solution had a reaction occurring as it turned clear compared to the control which was still brownish orange in colour. This was probably due to the radical formation of bromine, from the energy provided by the light, that reacted with the C-H bonds.1 Refer to Figure 3 for a general reaction m echanism. Along with the control, aromatic and unknown compounds did not show a change in colour and remained brownish orange. This could have been due to the fact that bromination is very selective and doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t readily react with aromatic compounds. When the solutions were subjected to a litmus paper test, only alkene and the control showed no change in colour of the paper, concluding that they were of a neutral pH. Meanwhile, alkane, aromatic and unknown compounds all turned pink, showing that they all had an acidic pH. This indicated that there was a reaction due to the illumination of the Br2 affected solutions. This was due to the formation of HBr (a strong acid) after the free radical bromination of alkanes and halogenations of aromatic compounds.3 Referring to Figure 4, there are three major and one minor product formed from the bromination of alkane (n-heptane) as secondary hydrogens are more reactive than primary ones. While in the aromatic, naphthalene compound, the bromine tends to attach to the tertiary carbon (refer to Figure 5). The halogenation of aromatic compound has substitution occurring between a tertiary hydrogen and bromine in order to retain all the original double bonds of the compound. After this test it was concluded that the unknown was more similar to alkane or aromatic compound and definitely not alkene. Figure 1: A sample mechanism showing the addition of halogens to alkenes. First, there is an electrophilic attack by a halogen molecule that results into the formation of a halonium ion and a halide ion. The halonium ion is a three-membered ring with a positive charge on the halogen. The halide ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks the halonium ion from the back to open it up and attach itself to the carbon. This creates an overall anti-addition of halogens to the double bonds. Figure 2: Reaction of 1-Octene (alkene) with Br2 in the presence of CH2Cl2 results into two products. Figure 3: A general sample reaction mechanism of free radical halogenation. The mechanism is broken down into a series of steps that include initiation and propagation. During initiation, halogen (bromine) radicals are formed. Light provides sufficient energy to split a bromine molecule to form two bromine radicals. Propagation is divided into two steps. During the first step, one of the bromine radical reacts with alkane and abstracts hydrogen to form an alkyl radical and HBr (strong acid). In the second step, the alkyl radical reacts with a new molecule of bromine and abstracts a bromine to form a alkyl halogen and bromine radical. Figure 4: Reaction of n-heptane with Br2 results into four different products due to radical bromination. The first product (top most) shown is a minor product because the bromine takes place of a primary hydrogen. The rest of the products are major products because they all replace a secondary hydrogen. The more substituted the intermediate radical, the more stable the product. Figure 5: Halogenation of Naphthalene with a bromine molecule in dichloromethane. This is a substitution reaction which retains all double bonds of the aromatic compound. The organic compounds were all then tested with aqueous potassium permanganate (Baeyer test). The only sample that reacted was the one with the alkene as the solution turned brown when 95% ethanol and 2% potassium permanganate (in a drop-wise manner) were added. The alkene was oxidized and a diol was formed due to a syn addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond (refer to Figure 7).1 This lead to the formation of MnO2 which in turn lead to the brown colour of the solution.3 The alkane, aromatic, unknown, and control all remained purple as there was no reaction. Further oxidation would lead to an oxidative cleavage of the glycol (two hydroxyl groups) to form ketones and aldehydes, which forms acid. This test further proved that the unknown did not have a functional group of an alkene. This whole test is called the Baeyer test as the potassium permanganate is a Baeyerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s reagent, discovered by Adolf von Baeyer, in order to test for presence o f unsaturation (such as double bonds) in a compound. Refer to Figure 6 for a general reaction mechanism. Figure 6: A general sample mechanism of permanganate hydroxylation of an alkene. The hydroxylation occurs with syn stereochemistry. Further oxidation of the product splits a carbon-carbon bond. Figure 7: Reaction of 1-Octene with 2% potassium permanganate in 95% ethanol. Initially, the reaction results into a diol but further oxidation splits the product and leads to formation of an aldehyde. The final test was of aluminum chloride with chloroform test. The aromatic and the unknown compounds were seen to have undergone a reaction as they had a change in colour (blue and light yellow, respectively) while the alkane, alkene, and control solutions remained white and cloudy. Since most of the tests determined that the unknown was not an alkene, this test proves that the unknown is not alkane, either and hence, it is aromatic. Aromatic compounds are known to go through Friedel-Craft alkylation in the presence of a proper catalyst (refer to Figure 8). As observed during the experiment, these types of reactions often yield in vibrant colours due to the delocalization of charge among the aromatic rings of the compound.3 In this experiment, the addition of chloroform to naphthalene with aluminum chloride as a catalyst caused a reaction (refer to Figure 9). Figure 8: A sample general mechanism of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, an eletrophilic aromatic substitution. During the first step, a carbocation is formed. In the second step, an electrophilic attack from a benzene forms a sigma complex (resonating structure). In the last step, a proton is lost from the sigma complex to reform the aromatic ring to result into a alkylated product of benzene. Figure 9: A reaction of Naphthalene with chloroform in the presence of aluminum chloride in a series of Friedel-Craft Alkylations. Thus, based on the experiment performed and the comparisons made, the unknown sample #663 was found to contain a functional group of an aromatic compound. There were probably some sources of errors while performing the experiment. One of the sources of errors was that the measurements were all taken as an approximate as there were no indicators on the pipettes while transferring liquids and the solid compounds were not weighed. Furthermore, the pipettes that were used to transfer the liquids from the main containers could have been contaminated as they were shared. The impurities were probably the reason for some of the solutions having a very slight change in colour despite not reacting. Questions: R S Figure 104: Shows the structure of (-)-trans-carveol with chiral centers that are circled and labeled as having S or R configuration. Refer to Figure 10. The chiral centers are circled and they are classified as S or R configuration shown by the arrows point to them. Figure 11: Hydrogenation reaction of trans-carveol. The reaction formula translates to C10H16O + 2H2 -> C10H20O. Moles of C10H16O: = mass of C10H16O / molar mass of C10H16O = 27.2g/ 152g/mol = 0.179mol Moles of H2: ratio of C10H16O / H2 = moles of f C10H16O / H2 1 / 2 = 0.179mol / mol H2 H2 = 0.358mol Volume of H2: PV = nRT (1atm)(V) = (0.358mol)(0.08206 L atm K-1 mol-1)(273.15 K) V = 8.02 L Therefore, 8.02103 mL volume of H2 needed for hydrogenate 27.2g of trans à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬carveol at STP. Figure 12: Extensive hydroboration reaction of trans-carveol results into two products. Litmus paper is made up of an indicator called Litmus, which is a water-soluble mixture of 10-15 dyes that are extracted from Lichens and many other types of natural plants such as red cabbage and absorbed onto a filter paper. Litmus paper is used as an acid-base indicator based on pH values. The dyes respond differently to different pH by changing colour. Paper indicates alkaline (basic) solutions by turning blue and indicates acidic solutions by turning red. There are slight variations in colour that relate to different ranges of pH values but blue and red colours are sufficient to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. This test was discovered around 1300 AD by Amaldus de Villa Nova, a Spanish alchemist. A regular use of litmus paper is to test and regulate the pH level in swimming pools and spa.5

Toyota’s Ethics and Quality Assurance

Introduction Ethics and Quality are cornerstones for sustainability and the economic performance of Toyota and other entities within their supply chain. The two play a major role an in Toyotas strategic plan; they are woven in the very fabric of the culture of the organization; and they are integrated in risk management as a part of the contingency plan. This paper seeks to highlight Toyota’s concepts of ethics and quality; their continuous benchmarks for improvement as well as their use of knowledge management throughout their supply chain. Ethics in the Supply Chain As part of my analysis of Toyota’s underlying concept of ethics for supply chain management, the following is five essential values implemented by Toyota: 1. Contribute to the development and welfare of the country by working together, regardless of position, in faithfully fulfilling your duties; 2. Be ahead of the times through endless creativity, inquisitiveness, and pursuit of improvement; 3. Be practical and avoid frivolity; 4. Be kind and generous; strive to create a warm, homelike atmosphere; 5. Be reverent, and show gratitude for things great and small in thought and deed. These values are the guiding principles for their production and supply system. They incorporate three core philosophies: customer first, employee satisfaction and company stability. They have also worked in defining boundaries of the supply chain both internally as well as externally. Quality in the Supply Chain Toyota maintains a commitment by putting customers and quality first, and this means ensuring customer satisfaction through the products and services it offers. With respect to quality, Toyota implements â€Å"jikotei kanketsu†, which is a concept that holds true that defect-free process completion ensures that no defective product leaves any production process. Toyota also strives to preserve and improve quality at the world’s highest level and raise cost competitiveness to support high-quality and sustainable growth. They strive to project years into the future and make intentional earnest steps toward making improvements to each and every process. Total ocus and commitment on these ideas has made possible steady well-documented processes, Toyota’s ability to offer the highest quality products and services at the lowest possible cost, and getting it there in the shortest lead time. Knowledge Management Knowledge can be defined as a synergy framed from experience, values, data, evaluation, and expert insight. Knowledge management is a multi-discipline within an organization that makes the best use of knowledge by making it available, sharing it with everyone, and making sure that it is structured in a highly formalized system in an effort to achieve its stated goals and objectives. Toyotas knowledge management strategy focuses on reducing cost risk, leveraging existing assets to reduce cycle time, improve decision making, develop innovative technology faster, develop solutions to problems quicker, and to increase versatility within the workforce. References Bozarth, C. , & Handfield, R. (2008). Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management (2nd ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Grow Purple Chrome Alum Crystals - Simulated Amethyst

Learn how to grow deep purple or lavender cubic crystals of potassium chromium sulfate dodecahydrate. In addition, you can grow clear crystals around the purple crystals, yielding a sparkling crystal with a purple core. The same technique can be applied to other crystal systems. What You Need: potassium chromium sulfate  (chromium alum)alumwaterclear glass jarstringcoffee filter or paper towelpencil, knife, or stick (to suspend string)spoon or stirring rod Time Required: days to months depending on the  desired size. Here's How: The growing solution will consist of a chromium alum solution mixed with an ordinary alum solution. Make a chromium alum solution by mixing 60 g of potassium chromium sulfate in 100 ml water (or 600 g chromium alum per liter of water).In a separate container, prepare a saturated solution of ordinary alum by stirring alum into warm water until it will no longer dissolve.Mix the two solutions in any proportion that you like. The more deeply colored solutions will produce darker crystals, but it will also be harder to monitor crystal growth.Grow a seed crystal using this solution, then tie it to a string and suspend the crystal in the remaining mixture.Loosely cover the container with a coffee filter or paper towel. At room temperature (~25 °C), the crystal can be grown via slow evaporation for as little time as a few days or as long as a few months.To grow a clear crystal over a colored core of this or any other colored alum, simply remove the crystal from the growing solution, allow it to dry, and then re-immerse it in a saturated solution of ordinary alum. Continue growth for as long as desired. Tips: A saturated solution of pure chrome alum will grow darker crystals, but the solution will be too dark to see through. Feel free to increase the concentration of chrome alum, but be aware that the solution becomes deeply colored.Notice that the chrome alum solution is a dark blue-green, but the crystals are purple!